Fundamentals of heat exchanger

finned coil heat exchangers is one of the main devices of today. Not only in the simplest of devices, heat exchangers also found its use in major industries and machinery in the world. They are found especially in some machines, devices for transferring heat from one can of media to another. They allow for an efficient transfer of heat from one object to another.

The use of heat

One example is the radiator in the vehicle or air conditioning. what typically happens is that water source heat transfer through the engine cool heat exchanger. This heat exchanger transfers the heat from the water to keep the engine cool air.

Heat Exchangers are widely used for heating, AIR-CONDITIONING and refrigeration equipment. Heavy industry, even this technology including power plants, chemical and petrochemical plants, oil refineries and natural gas processing and treatment facilities.

Types of flow of heat Exchange

Heat is produced in two types, especially after their organization flux is classified. This parallel flow heat exchanger, and against the flow.

Parallel thread Exchange includes two media device the same side via a heat exchanger. For example, the two fluids enter the Exchanger on one side and travel parallel to each other during the process.

Against the current Exchange, on the other hand, the opposite of the first process. Liquids enter the device with different parts and met each other in the process of heat exchange. A lot of heat exchangers using this thread, as shown in the figure, the more effective the process because two can send more heat from the heating medium to another. In this configuration, the media traveling together, and processed by kationitom.

Traditional heat exchanger is designed in such a way that the surface between two liquid flow is maximized while minimizing resistance to flow, while at the same time. Additional fins are mounted in both directions, enter fluid can also increase the heat exchanger. These streams can be added to the surface of the heat exchanger, as well as aiding in the process of managing the flow of fluid Exchange.

The temperature in the process of heat transfer

Depending on the size of the heat exchanger temperature changes during the process of Exchange. Temperature also varies depending on the location of the device. But many industry, heat exchangers are almost always use a certain temperature on their own.

This temperature is usually in average temperature difference or L.M.T.D. journal. Sometimes, though, it is still difficult to determine if the LMTD method, in this case, the method then uses the NTU.

This type of heat exchanger

There are several types of heat exchangers that are used today. Includes sheath tube heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, plate, RIM adiabatic fluid heat exchanger, dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger phase transition, HVAC coil, spiral heat exchanger and heat exchanger to direct contact.

New Ice Age Can Be Caused From Global Warming

Gore has modernize his climate spook show for another stab at the brass ring.

He is charmed by Hollywood and tree huggers. Maybe. However, respected scientists replace politics with facts. Robert Essenhigh, professor of Energy Conservation at Ohio State University says that Global warming is a natural geological process which start to change itself within 10 to 20 years.

 

Global Warming Prelude To New Ice Age?

"The trouble with most folks ain't so much their ignorance, as knowing so much that ain't so."

 

Philosopher Henry Wheeler Shaw - a.k.a. Josh Billings - in 1880 seems to have anticipated Al Gore, former vice-president and presidential candidate.

 

Gore has refurbished his climate spook show for another stab at the brass ring. Friendly media say he wows Hollywood and tree huggers. Maybe, but respected scientists replace politics with facts.

 

Robert Essenhigh, professor of Energy Conservation at Ohio State University says, "Global warming is a natural geological process that could begin to reverse itself within 10 to 20 years."

 

He expands his premise in the current issue of "Chemical Innovation" published by the American Chemical Society: "Many blame global warming on carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels in automobiles and power plants.

 

"People fail to account for the much greater amount of carbon dioxide that enters and leaves the atmosphere in the natural cycle of water exchange from - and back into - the sea and vegetation."

 

"Many scientists have vastly underestimated the significance of water in the atmosphere as a radiation-absorbing gas," states Essenhigh.

Essenhigh blames a 1977 report on carbon dioxide levels by the National Academy of Sciences that identified water as a "vapor" of too little concentration to affect global warming.

 

For his hypothesis, Essenhigh examined measurements of ocean evaporation, man-made sources of carbon dioxide and global temperature data for the last million years.

 

He cites a 1995 report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change by the United Nations Environment Program to assess human-induced climate change. It found that 90 billion tons of carbon - as carbon dioxide - annually circulate between the earth's oceans and the atmosphere. Another 60-billion tons exchange between vegetation and the atmosphere.

 

Conclusion: "Compared to man-made emissions of 5 to 6 billion tons per year, natural sources account for more than 95 percent of all atmospheric carbon dioxide."

 

Thus, atmospheric carbon dioxide is an "indicator" or rising temperatures - not the "cause." Eissenhigh attributes the reported rise in temperatures to a natural cycle of warming and cooling.

 

He examined data that Cambridge University biologists Shackleton and Opdyke reported in 1973. They found global temperatures have oscillated - with an average less than one degree rising gradually over the last million years. The 100-year oscillations varied 5 to 10 degrees,

 

Concludes Essenhigh: "Today, we are simply near a peak in the current cycle that started about 25,000 years ago with retreat of the last ice age." He says the Arctic Ocean acts as a giant temperature regulator.

 

"When the Arctic Ocean is frozen over, as it is today, it prevents evaporation of water that would otherwise escape to the atmosphere and then return as snow. When there is less snow, the cap may start to shrink - as it is doing today.

 

"Once enough water is available by evaporation from the ocean, snows begin to replenish the ice cap. As Arctic ice expands, global temperature starts to reverse, and the earth can start re-entry to a new ice age. Essenhigh estimates Earth may reach a peak in the current temperature profile within the next 10 to 20 years.

 

Human history supports the fluctuating cold and warm periods between tropical and ice-age periods. The Medieval Warm Period 1000 to 1200 - when Vikings farmed Iceland and Greenland - was followed by the Little Ice Age. During that time, farming and herding on Iceland nearly ceased for lack of vegetation. Relief ships could not penetrate the frozen sea there and most inhabitants starved to death.

 

Scientists acknowledge that many factors contribute to earth warming and cooling. Chief among them are fluctuating heat output by the Sun, changing continental positions and small changes in Earth's orbit.

 

The Max Planck Institute reported in the January issue of "Nature" that trees and other plants emit 10 to 30 percent of global methane into the atmosphere.

 

Until we better understand these phenomena, we don't need Chicken Little Gore running around screaming the sky is falling.

 

Josh Billings reminds us; "As scarce as truth is, the supply always seems to be in excess of demand."

May 28, 2006

 

 

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More About Global Warming

Global Warming is said to be the rise in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere due to the green house gases like Carbon-di- oxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide and Ozone in the atmosphere. The "Greenhouse effect" caused by these gases warms the atmosphere naturally as this effect traps the sun's radiation and act as a thermal blanket by maintain the Earth's temperature within a livable limit of about 59 degree Fahrenheit. If the Earth did not have this thermal blanket, then the planet in which we all live in would probably be about 80 degree cooler than it is at present, making it very cold and difficult for us to survive and live in the planet. Global Warming is responsible for maintaining the temperature of the atmosphere.

The above factors that have been discussed are all related to the natural greenhouse effect and the natural global warming that will result in the normal climatic changes.

But, nowadays, people relate the global warming topic to the adverse climatic changes that they are experiencing, which means that there is an increase over and above the permissible level of the temperature in the Earth's atmosphere which is influencing the varying climatic patterns. Nature seems to be always warning us of the influence of global warming in this modern world and the few signs that have been brought to our notice includes the melting of the glaciers, increase in the sea levels, the recent Tsunami that caused huge damage to life and property, more than normal heat waves experienced in many countries etc.

The climate of the Earth is always changing. Earlier, the changes in the climate were all natural and were considered seasonal.

But the frequent changes in the Earth's climate, since the early 1900, have been identified to be caused by human behavior rather than due to the effect of the natural changes in the atmosphere. Since the industrial revolution, there has been lot of burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas which results in letting out a lot of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, mainly Carbon- di- oxide or CO2 into the atmosphere. There have been billions of tons of CO2 that are burned into the atmosphere every year and the amount is increasing by about 3% every year.

The Amazon forest is also turning out to be a major carbon sink. It is reported that there is a net loss of rain forest along with the increase of carbon into the atmosphere. Deforestation is the main cause for the trees in the Amazon rain forests to not completely soak up the carbon let out into the atmosphere and this may also lead to varying climatic changes due to the presence of global warming. The effects of the carbon gases in the atmosphere has not spared the oceans as well as they also act as a carbon sink. The effect of increased carbon in the atmosphere has made the oceans more acidic, causing damage to the sea creatures, bleaching corals and also further causing damage to the general health of the oceans of the world. This has led to increase in the sea levels and the warmer water due to the effect of the warmer atmosphere also has led to more intense and unusual weather and climatic changes.

The various climatic changes that may occur due to the increased global warming effect are melting of the glaciers, rise in the temperatures of the regions on the Northern Hemisphere, melting of snows in the temperate regions earlier than before, frequent storms and floods, dry land will go more drier, rise in winter and night temperature and a more humid atmosphere.

Recession relates Global warming and Carbon Pollution-Kevin Chinnock?s review

 

Can you guess what only benefit the world gained in the recent economic recession? It is hard to guess. The answer is “Cuts in carbon pollution”. It is measured that Carbon dioxide pollution cut down in the last year and first time in this decade. 

But the sad news is, it didn’t last long and the drop is not as much as we expected.

We know two main reasons of Carbon pollutions are, Airplanes and vehicles generate green house gases and burning fossil to fuel power factories. The green house gases are warming the world. But in that recession period many factories were shut down and also people didn’t fly or drive as much they did earlier. This is the reason for dropping the emission rate about 1.3% comparing to year 2008-2009.

(This statistics published in Sunday in the Journal Nature Geoscience.

Study lead author Pierre Friedlingstein (University of Exeter in England) said there is a close link between pollution and gross domestic product in recent decades. The only good part of the recession period is that it reduced emissions.

The Energy Department of United States said the emission dropped 7% in U.S. in 2009 and the three main reasons behind it are slightly better energy efficiency, the slowing economy and cleaner energy.

In 2009 the whole world produced 34 billion tons (nearly 31 billion metric tons) of carbon dioxide. Comparing to 2008 it has dropped 453 million tons – and this amount is equal to U.S.

emits in about 26 days.

The last time the world witnessed the carbon dioxide pollution dropped world wide was in 1999. According to Energy Department's Oak Ridge National Lab report it was the biggest drop since 1992. Despite the last years improvement in “carbon dioxide pollution” the overall carbon emission increased 25% comparing to 2000 which is not at all impressive.

With the recovery process from the recession period the Carbon pollution is began to rise this year and the experts fearing that it will set a record in 2010. 

Friedlingstein said, he forecasting of the last year said that the carbon dioxide pollution will drop 3% from 2009. That forecast was based on GDP projections from the IMF. But the recovery process performed more than expected and as a consequence the developing country produced more carbon dioxide that expected.

Developing countries don’t use energy as efficiently as the developed countries do and these developing countries were less affected by the recession capering to developed countries.

According to study in this recovery period Chinna increased 8% of carbon pollution from 2008-2009. India’s increased rate is 6%.

In 1990’s developed countries produced 65% of carbon dioxide said by the study co-author Gregg Marland of the Oak Ridge National Lab. Now this percentage is less than 43% because those developed countries cut 10 % of emission while the developing countries almost double their overall emission. 

Friedlingstein said, one good news is that the carbon dioxide emission from the destruction of forest is decreasing considerably.

Andrew Weaver, a climate scientist of University of Victoria said it seems that our planate will fail to reach the goal set by the international negotiations in Copenhagen last year “Limiting the global warming to a 3.6 degree (2 degree Celsius) temperature increase since industrialization.

According to the National Climatic Data Center it is revealed from the last 10 months study that 2010 is tied for the hottest year in 131 years.

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Definition for Global Warming

Global warming is the next big impact that will bring about a change in the weather patterns. By definition, Global Warming is the increase in average temperature that gradually warms the Earth's atmosphere. It is a phenomenon, which has been on the rise but in the last century, the increase in the levels have been alarming.

The average temperature of the atmosphere has risen by 0.74 - 0.18 °C during the last century. According to the study by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is observed that the increase in global average temperature has been caused due to an increase in greenhouse gas concentrations. This has led to an unprecedented warming of the Earth's surface.

The other phenomena's responsible for global warming include volcanoes and solar variations. Base on some of the models by the IPCC, the prediction is that the global temperature is likely to rise by 1.1 to 6.4 °C between 1990 and 2100.

This increase in temperature will cause climatic changes and extreme weather conditions like rising sea level, change in the amount of precipitation, above average rainfall, melting of polar ice caps and glaciers, storms and hurricanes.

On the worse side, it will also affect yield of crops as well as plants and animals leading to extinction of different species. Global warming will increase the spread of diseases and there will be droughts and flooding, coral reef bleaching, forest fires etc. Global warming is no more a myth but a fast approaching reality, which in the long term will bring the much feared ice age that will wipe out all living organism on Earth.

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Global Warming - Myths and Reality

Monsoons, drastic change in climatic condition, acid rains, rapid melting of polar ice burgs, increase in sea level and frequent droughts are some grave consequences which we are facing today due to global warming. The sad part of this story is that; we could not still find a workable solution to fix this irreversible effect and our technology is not yet ripened enough to provide such solutions to our environmental problems.

Industrial revolution, discovery of crude oil and black coal might have improved our human living and supported our energy requirements, but these fossil fuels are one of the root causes for the present global warming and environmental impacts.

Our great home - the earth, has its own environmental system balanced by natural eco-cycles to keep this planet an ideal place for living beings. The greenhouse gases helps in protecting our environment from harmful radiations and cosmic rays emerging from sun and rest of the universe.

These gases are perfectly balanced by earth's eco system and keep our planet green and healthy. Due to our adverse energy campaigns and burning of fossil fuels we have increased the greenhouse gases to record high levels in earth's atmosphere, leading us to an environmental disaster and global warming. We failed to understand the earth's natural cycles and broken the eco-links to an irreversible state. Excessive deforestation, industrial emissions and burning of fossil fuels [crude oil, coal & natural gas] are the prime causes for green house effect.

The governments and people are now forced to think and act, beyond their budget, economy and business to overcome these environmental effects and global warming.

Our mother earth now needs care and attention from all of us. Every citizen of this world has to make some significant contribution towards saving our planet. By following some simple and adaptable measures, we can cultivate the habit of Eco-Friendly Living and contribute towards reducing the effects of global warming. Initiatives like recycling, renewable energy sources, water recycling, and aggressive afforestation are some efforts that we can do towards reducing the impacts of global warming. Our collective and sincere efforts will soon make our planet a heaven for living.

Ways to Reduce Global Warming

The rise in temperature due to increased amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere leads to global warming. Global warming is everyone’s problem. It causes devastating effects all around such as reduced rainfall and extreme heat. The accumulation of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases in the air destroys the earth’s protective layer, known as the ozone layer. This layer protects the earth from the intense heat of the sun and when destroyed, will cause an imbalance in the system.

Global warming is caused by man-made activities and the excessive use of resources that affect the atmosphere. Using air conditioners, manufacturing from factories and burning of fossil fuels are a few examples of its causes. As the problem is progressing each day, global warming cannot be ultimately stopped. However, there are many ways that you can help to lessen its cause and effects.

Start by reducing laundry and iron use at home.

Avoid ironing your clothes daily. It is more practical to set a day to do the laundry and ironing. When the clothes are in bulk, you can efficiently utilize the heat from the presser. Maximize the load of clothes when you are using the washing and drying machine.

Avoid leaving your appliances on standby mode. All electrical appliances should be turned off or unplugged when not in use. Leaving your appliance in standby mode still consumes electricity. For example, a water heater that is still plugged will cause waste water heat recovery.

It will still consume about 10 percent of energy it needs when it is turned on.

Thermostat settings should also be monitored. During the summer, air conditioners are used to cool the home. When winter comes, heaters are turned on to keep the home warm. However, these heating and cooling systems consume a huge amount of energy. Use a stack heat recovery during winter season and turn down the air conditioner by two degrees. This thermostat management reduces the carbon dioxide release in the atmosphere.

Another stack heat recovery measure is using fluorescent bulbs. Fluorescent bulbs are more efficient when controlling electrical energy to produce light. This allows you to reduce the wattage you use but gives you excellent lighting performance. An incandescent bulb has about 100w and can add to carbon dioxide emissions. Fluorescent bulbs only need 40w of electricity to light up and help reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

 

Warning To Mankind - 'Global Warming'

Global warming is the phenomenon of potential increase in temperature of the earth's atmosphere due to trapping of carbon dioxide and other gases. This is also known as "the green house effect" or the phenomenon of trapping of the sun's warmth in the lower atmosphere.

With the advancement of science man has made countless inventions for human comfort. Many of them prove very useful together to set up and grow an advanced society. But in this process of making the world the better place to live in he started exploiting the nature.

As human-caused biodiversity loss and climate disruption gain ground, we need to keep our sights clear and understand that the measure of a threat is not a matter of whether it is made on purpose, but of how much loss it may cause. It's an ancient habit to go after those we perceive to be evil because they intended to do harm.

It's harder, but more effective, to "go after," meaning to more effectively educate and socialize, those vastly larger numbers of our fellow humans who are not evil, but whose behavior may in fact be far more destructive in the long run.

On Earth, the major natural greenhouse gases are water vapor, which causes about 36-70% of the greenhouse effect; carbon dioxide (CO2), causes 9-26%; methane (CH4), which causes 4-9%; and ozone, which causes 3-7%.Some other naturally occurring gases which contribute very small fractions of the greenhouse effect is nitrous oxide, it is increasing in concentration owing to human activity such as agriculture. The atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and CH4 have increased by 31% and 149% respectively above pre-industrial levels since 1750. These levels are considerably higher than at any time during the last 650,000 years, the period for which reliable data has been extracted from ice cores.

From less direct geological evidence it is believed that CO2 values this high were last attained 20 million years ago.

About three-quarters of the man-made emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere during the past 20 years are due to fossil fuel burning. The rest of the anthropogenic emissions are predominantly due to land-use change, especially deforestation. Deforestation, burning of forest, use of pollutant emitting vehicles and appliances etc are the major sources of these harmful gases.

Now the effects of these man made hazard can be seen on almost everywhere. The temperature of the earth's atmosphere is rising every year making it difficult for various other creatures to survive. The rising temperatures are causing glaciers to melt which are increasing the level of seawater causing floods and destruction. Rainfall and climate are getting disturbed. The diseases are increasing and the Global warming is expected to extend the favorable zones for vectors conveying infectious disease such as dengue fever and malaria etc.

It isn't surprising that rising carbon-dioxide levels and warming climes will alter the biology, chemistry and geographical distribution of plants. After all, many plants thrive when there's more carbon dioxide in the air, or when it's warmer.

The remedies are to stop or reduce use of all such tools that cause global warming and grow trees. Global warming problem is now developing as the biggest threat to the God's most beautiful creation.. To eradicate or possibly delay it, it requires the continuous and together effort of the whole mankind.its now or never now.

Don't just wait for Not enough people dying yet, and not enough property destroyed. Have will, join the mission and together we can and we will make it different. SAVE EARTH-SAVE NATURE-SAVE MANKIND-SAVE YOURSELF-its our duty now contribute your share to environment.

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Global Warming

A few facts to ponder, first a volcano will spew more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere in 2 hours than all of the carbon dioxide producing machines people have used in 10 years ( i.e.. cars, power plants, etc.) and there has been a lot of volcanic activity in the last 100 years across the globe. Second BOVINE gas is the 2nd leading cause of carbon dioxide on the planet after volcanoes, yes that's right, cow farts. Third there are under water volcanoes that superheat water while expelling carbon dioxide into the atmosphere on a daily basis. This effects the water temps around the globe depending on how many of these under water systems go at once. Heat the water and the weather changes and ice melts, science 101.

There are more trees on the earth today in better condition than there were 100 years ago. There is actually more ice covering the earth today than 200 years ago it has just melted in some places but frozen over in others.

Our cars and machines pollute less today in 2007 with more of each than with less of each in the 1950's.

Don't let people scare you into fearing changes in the weather remember 10,000 years ago there was ice 2 miles deep covering the planet. The whole continent of Africa used to be a tropical rain forest. If you want to conserve please do, I use energy efficient light bulbs (you know the curly florescent bulbs you can now use in regular light fixtures). Why do I use them? Because they use 75% less energy to run than regular light bulbs and I cut my electric bill from a month to a month. It was a financial decision; I save about 0 dollars a year by using them. They are also a lot brighter than regular light bulbs.

This is just an example of what I mean. If you want to conserve DO IT!! If you don't want to that is OK. Most of the talking heads like the Kennedy's and Gore don't conserve energy at all but they are going to try to force us to. Gore even has the gumption to propose a GLOBAL WARMING TAX on us through the United Nations and our own American government.

Just remember this and you will understand what is happening... NOTHING STAYS THE SAME!!! We all live on a gigantic rock hurling at thousands of miles per hour through the ever expanding universe. We are kept in a planetary line by gravity created by a massive nuclear reactor THE SUN! Yes, that's right! The SUN is the most magnificent nuclear reaction creation to sustain life and it can also destroy entire universes. We spin around this thing everyday and the SUN spews coronal mass ejections or waves of radioactive materials at us everyday. This would also help create global warming. Don't you think? Scientist do....And don't forget the axis of the earth. As we rotate different areas of the earth have different positions towards the SUN. How do we know what just 10 inches in any rotation direction of the earth will do to cause an environmental change on our planet?

If you want to fear something I will give you something to fear and here it is. At any time an asteroid 2 to 3 miles thick and 5 miles wide could hit the earth and all life as we know it would cease to exist in the blink of an eye. Laughing are you? There are only 20 to 25 people observing the skies, yet there are millions of huge rocks that are miles in diameter floating around (asteroids) in our little universe. They call them asteroids because they are the second cousin twice removed from a hemorrhoid or a pain in the ass (just kidding).

Global Warming on the other hand is a progression of earth that will happen no matter what people do. Fear mongers are trying to make it out to be us the human beings fault other than nature and in turn taking advantage of people for the gain of political power.

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Global Warming? Not in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico!

By: Jim Scherrer

Those of us that have lived in Puerto Vallarta for many years agree, the fall and early winter of 2010 was the coldest we've witnessed. Everybody seems to be talking about the unusually cool evenings and mornings; so cold that many of the local women are wearing sweaters and some of the guys are even wearing long pants!

We were curious as to just how cold it's been so we decided to do a three month weather review of Vallarta. According to the Wunderground website, there has been no measurable amount of rainfall since the first of October. We also noticed that the average daily temperature for October through December of 2010 was only 73.5*F.

It's no wonder that everyone is talking about the cold winter weather; after all, the historical average for that 92 day period of time is 77.3*F, i.e. 3.8*F higher! In order to fully appreciate just how much colder than normal it's been, please see the 92 day graph below:

These consistently below average temperatures in PV haven't seemed to have had much affect on the beach front tourists, however; they are back in full force this year. Even though the average daily high temperature for the first three months of our "winter" season was only about 82*F, with clear blue skies, the weather conditions seem to be acceptable for most of the "snowbirds".

The Banderas Bay water temperatures are also somewhat lower than normal but not enough to prohibit anyone from enjoying the numerous water related activities. Also, it should be mentioned that the whales must be enjoying this weather; we've never seen so many performing their acrobatics in the 25 mile diameter bay as we've seen this year.

For those of us that have retired in PV, the chilly evenings are especially obvious; we've had to go to such extreme as to put a blanket on the bed. With evening temperatures plummeting to the low 60's and no heating of any kind in the villas or condos, those long lost blankets come in real handy; of course, these temperatures are great for sleeping!

Evidently the visitors to the area find the cool evening temperatures conducive to partying because there have been a lot more fiestas this year than we've seen for a few years. Who knows, maybe it's just an improvement in the US economy or perhaps for the Canadians, they're merely celebrating the fact that the strength of their Loonie has recently exceeded that of the US dollar. It might just be our imagination, but they sure seem to be having more fun sipping their margaritas and cervezas this season while watching the sunset on the beach in the cool 75*F air than they did in other years when it was 80*F.

A recent article titled "30 Years of Global Cooling Are Coming, Leading Scientist Says" claims that there are good reasons for the cool temperatures that we're encountering; it's just a part of a 30 year long cold blip. Hmm! The following is an excerpt from their article:

Latif, a professor at the Leibniz Institute at Germany's Kiel University and an author of the U.N.'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report, believes the lengthy cold weather is merely a pause -- a 30-years-long blip -- in the larger cycle of global warming, which postulates that temperatures will rise rapidly over the coming years.

The U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSICD) agrees that the cold temperatures are unusual, and that the world's oceans may play a part in temperatures on land. "Has ocean variability contributed to variations in surface temperature? Absolutely, no one's denying that," said Mark Serreze, senior research scientist with NSIDC. But the Center disagrees with Latif's conclusions, instead arguing that the cold snap is still another sign of global warming. "We are indeed starting to see the effects of the rise in greenhouse gases," he said. 

Many parts of the world have been suffering through record-setting snowfalls and arctic temperatures. The Midwest saw wind chills as low as 49 degrees below zero last week, while Europe saw snows so heavy that Eurostar train service and air travel were canceled across much of the continent. In Asia, Beijing was hit by its heaviest snowfall in 60 years.

Global warming; obviously, these experts don't have a clue either! One thing is for certain, there are approximately 50,000 Americans and Canadians down here in beautiful Puerto Vallarta, Mexico enjoying another winter of fun in the sun, but this year, they're on the verge of freezing their coconuts off and loving every minute of it! 

Jim Scherrer has owned property in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico for 26 years and resided there for the past thirteen years. The mission of his series of nearly 80 articles pertaining to retirement in Puerto Vallarta is to reveal the recent changes that have occurred in Vallarta while dispelling the misconceptions about living conditions in Mexico. For the full series of articles regarding travel to and retirement in Vallarta as well as pertinent Puerto Vallarta links, please visit us at PVREBA.

 

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